EMC Testing - PCB layout and noise coupling

Engineers do not get surprised by hearing that for precision or RF applications, the PCB must be considered as an electronic component part of the system itself. Each trace routed on the PCB is part of the signal chain and must be carefully designed. This perspective should be actually taken beyond the precision and RF applications, indeed stringent regulations, such as the CISPR standards, apply to any electronic system. CISPR standards cover automotive, industrial and commercial systems and are used by different countries, such as Europe and US, as basis to validate the conformity of a certain electronic system from EMC (Electromagnetic Compatibility) perspective. In this article it will be shown how different trace layouts made on a standard FR4 PCB, may drastically affect the system radiation that may compromise the end product certification, either from conducted or radiated tests perspective. The article will highlights how a PCB should be carefully designed as part of the system, whatever the application would be, to make sure that you achieve the right performances but also you will comply with the EMC standards required for the FCC and CE marking.

Utilizzo del pulsante in applicazioni Embedded

   I sistemi embedded fanno spesso uso dei pulsanti come semplice interfaccia di input del sistema. L’utente tramite la pressione di un pulsante può facilmente cambiare lo stato del sistema, come accenderlo o spegnerlo, o inserire particolari dati. Il suo utilizzo è piuttosto semplice, tanto che sullo schema elettrico si pone poca attenzione su possibili malfunzionamenti. Un sistema robusto si differenzia sempre dall’attenzione che si pone ad ogni singolo componente e la verifica della compatibilità dello stesso con il sistema e le specifiche che devono essere soddisfatte. In questo tutorial si analizzerà prima lo schema elettrico base per collegare un pulsante, analizzando diverse possibili soluzioni. Verranno poi discusse le considerazioni che possono favorire l’una o l’altra soluzione. I componenti utilizzati saranno analizzati nel dettaglio al fine di garantire il corretto funzionamento del pulsante e del sistema che si sta progettando.

Conducted noise - Differential and Common mode noise

On the previous article we have seen what the conducted noise is and how it links with the radiated noise to. CISPR regulations require that you have two tests setup for testing conducted and radiated noise. In regards to the conducted noise, while the standards require that the absolute value should be below a certain threshold, understanding what contributes to the total noise, could be beneficial for the design. Indeed the conducted noise is made of two components, Differential Mode (DM) and Common Mode (CM). The two components summed together is what we measure with the spectrum analyzer or the receiver. In this article we see the details of the DM and CM. Out of the values the designer can better leverage how to dimension the EMI filter, either for the DM or CM noise.  

Conducted and radiated tests from Maxwell's equations perspective

CISPR standards require testing each product from a conducted and radiated fields perspective. CISPR 11 and CISPR 32 require testing the conducted noise from 150KHz up to 30MHz. CISPR 25, addressing automotive products, requires testing the systems up to 108MHz. To complicate the understanding the MIL standards require testing the conducted noise up to 400MHz. Thus the question of what makes a noise conducted or radiated is legitimized. Things can get clarified if the Maxwell’s equations are taken into account to better analyze the effects of the conducted and radiated noise and from where they come from.